GDNF and Alzheimer disease: Produces amyloid-beta plaques and APP (Feng et al., 2018; Asadi et al., 2021; Greco et al., 2022); promotes apoptosis and oxidative stress (Ding et al., 2022); increases tau phosphorylation (Guan et al., 2022); increases the levels of mRNA involved in glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and ephrin receptor B2 (EPHB2) which are implicated in AD pathogenesis (Idda et al., 2018)