As expected, WNV infection significantly increased TNF-α mRNA expression, which is consistent with previous findings regarding the induction of TNF-α by WNV in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells, primary human fetal brain neural stem cell system, immune cells of patients with symptomatic WNV infection, and neurons from murine model of WNV encephalitis [28–31]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neuroblastoma.