In vitro, TLR8 agonist stimulation of lung cancer cells resulted in the activation of NF‐κB, increased expression of proinflammatory factors (IL‐6, IL‐8, GM‐CSF, IL‐1α, and IL‐12), and increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl‐2, VEGFR2, and chemokine receptors [48]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and lung carcinoma.