INS and diabetes mellitus: The addition of the TyG index to the established model led to improved C-statistic, NRI, and IDI (all P-values < 0.05) in the NGR subgroup, enhanced NRI and IDI in the DM non-insulin Rx subgroup (all P-values < 0.001), improved NRI in the pre-DM subgroup (P-value = 0.003), while no significant improvement in C-statistic, NRI, or IDI was observed in the DM insulin Rx subgroup.