GDF15 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Also, Okamoto et al. showed that TAM-derived growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) increased phosphorylation levels of TGF-βRII and invasion of esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas (ESCC), while LY2109761, a TGF-βRI/II inhibitor, suppressed GDF15-dependent enhancement of ESCC invasion [102].