VIM and breast carcinoma: A study by Singh et al. supported these findings and found that macrophage-derived TNF-α could induce TGF-β1 secretion in breast cancer cells leading to DNA damage by activating a survival pathway to deregulate DNA damage and reactive sxygen species (ROS), subsequently causing EMT enhancement by increasing the expression of CREB phosphorylation and vimentin, while the neutralization of TNF-α by GolgiPlug (555,029) showed to abrogate invasion and migration of breast cancer cells [105].