PDCD1 and neoplasm: Since high expression of CD73 induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment in iCCA (SUN B Y et al. 2023) and the upregulated CD73 expression following ICBs therapy could impair the efficacy of ICBs, supporting the rationale for co-targeting CD73 and PD-1 to enhance the anti-tumor immune response, we queried whether this strategy applied to iCCA.