These include Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), Dickkopf-related protein 4 (DKK4), Ceruloplasmin (CP) and Podocalyxin (PODXL) which were relatively abundant in urinary exosomes of RCC patients and Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) which was significantly reduced in RCC patients [51]. Here, DKK4 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.