CSF2 and glioma: Additionally, thalidomide inhibits interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and interferon (IFN) [96,97], making it potentially effective against various cancers like AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, and gliomas [98,99,100].