PFKFB3 and lung carcinoma: To interrogate the role of the PFKFB3 enzyme in the early development and growth of tumors, we elected to evaluate a second model of cancer wherein lung tumors are induced by the somatic activation of a latent oncogenic K-rasG12D allele (K-rasLA1 mice) [36] and are highly relevant to human lung cancer due to their oncogenic activation, spontaneous development, and gradual progression.