HIF1A and cancer: Propofol can affect both epigenetic pathways (miRNA, methylation, lncRNA, acetylation) and inhibit the release of extracellular vesicles during cancer resection; it also affects signaling pathways such as HIF-1α, NF-κB, amphiregulin, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases family (ADAMs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), SNAIL-related zinc-finger transcription factor (SLUG), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).