The PD1/PD-L1 pathway can be disrupted by PD-1 inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, which enhance tumour recognition by cytotoxic T cells [68,69], and have been shown to induce durable anti-tumour response for a variety of tumours, many of which were not considered to be particularly susceptible to immunotherapy [70,71]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.