TNFSF11 and periodontal disorder: Furthermore, Chairatnathrongporn et al. (2022) observed increased RANKL and RANKL:OPG ratio alongside decreased OPG gene expression levels in saliva of T1DM patients compared to healthy individuals, advocating for more extensive analysis of bone markers in oral fluids to elucidate their role in T1DM and periodontal diseases [77].