Additionally, Yilmaz et al. (2023) demonstrated altered salivary concentrations of macrophage activation-related chemokines and MAPKK-degrading proteolytic activity in T1DM patients showing higher levels of monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) in saliva of T1DM patients, underscoring the impact of T1DM on the host immune response [88]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.