Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), which function as either fibrogenic or proinflammatory factors that orchestrate HSC activation and participate in the progression of liver disease, were found to be significantly upregulated in the liver upon acute or chronic injury (Figure 7), as previously reported [29,31,32,33,34,35]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and liver disorder.