CSF2 and neoplasm: At the vector level, we introduced a new vector of the Sindbis virus carrying GM-CSF and found that both the SINV and SINV-GM-CSF were effective in killing hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and SINV-GM-CSF stimulated the immune response of the tumor microenvironment by increasing the number of T cells and NK cells as well as enhancing the M1 macrophage and DCs in the process of treatment, thus further enhancing the anti-tumor effect.