PRKAA1 and Renal cyst: Accumulating evidence suggests that AMPK activation (using metformin, salsalate, 2-deoxyglucose, or diet) may restore mitochondrial function and slow cystogenesis by inhibiting mTORC1 and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the cystic kidney [16,20,22,41,42,43,48,49,50,51,52].