TNF and bacterial vaginosis: Figure 4A shows that no morphological changes were observed in the cells treated only with BV compared to the control. However, pretreatment with BV slightly mitigated the morphological changes (a large, flat shape with vacuoles) typically induced by LPS and IFN-γ (Figure 4A). Moreover, the expression levels of M1 markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), which LPS and IFN-γ upregulated, decreased following BV pretreatment (Figure 4B).