Interestingly, analyzing NM proteins bound to S/MAR sequences using human normal prostate and prostate cancer tissues, PARP-1 expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer tissues and its expression was increased in more aggressive prostate cancers (Gleason scores of 8 or 9) compared with a Gleason score of less than 7 in prostate cancer and normal prostate tissues [23]. Here, GNE is linked to Familial prostate cancer.