PTPN11 and cancer: Given its crucial role in mediating signal transduction of growth factor receptors such as EGFR, FGFR, and VEGFR, and in enhancing other tumorigenic pathways like Ras, Src, Akt, and ERK, overexpression or gain-of-function mutations of SHP-2 are associated with multiple human cancers [279,280,282].