Obesity, particularly central/visceral obesity, causes insulin resistance and prolonged compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which has been shown to induce mitogenic effects and lead to cancer risk by activating both the insulin receptor and the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 and 2 receptor (Figure 5); this then increased estrogen and androgen levels which have also been linked to the development of cancer. Here, IGFBPL1 is linked to cancer.