Hence, we aimed to investigate the causal role of metformin in reducing PCa risk through an up-to-date comprehensive genome-wide analysis.<h4>Methods</h4>We employed validated instrument variables of metformin use derived from a prior high-quality study, including five potential targets (AMPK, GCG, GDF15, MCI and MG3). Here, GDF15 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.