The abundance of Spink4 was higher in colitis models than in the controls (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 2c, d); however, Spink4 was barely expressed in the active stage and upregulated during remission in the DSS-induced colitis intestine with a significant difference, consistent with GC deficiency (Fig. 1e). This evidence concerns the gene SPINK4 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.