Despite the challenge of identifying the exact composition of each cluster due to tumor infiltration and the potential mixing of different cells in the tumor microenvironment, clusters with higher ONECUT2 expression (clusters 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 in the HP section and cluster 1 in the uninfected section) were consistently associated with increased RELA expression in HP-infected and uninfected GC tissue (Fig. 2D, E). Here, ONECUT2 is linked to neoplasm.