In another example, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART) is reported elevated in CSF of HD patients, possibly due tothe pathogenic lesions in the hypothalamus.211 The oxidative stress marker F2-isoprostane is also increased inCSF from HD patients.212 CSF levels ofhomovanillic acid are declined in CSF samples from HD, SCA1, and SCA3patients, as a result of the altered dopamine metabolism.213,214 Lactate/pyruvate ratio is elevated in CSF of HD and SCA3 patients.215. Here, CARTPT is linked to Machado-Joseph disease.