Here, we found the upregulation of P21/CDKN1A, P16/CDKN2A, IL-6, GDF-15, and PAI-1(SERPINE-1) to be increased in both COPD and IPF patients when compared to controls (Figure 5C,D). The gene discussed is CDKN1A; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.