TGFB1 and autism: Inflammatory and immune dysfunction includes elevated brain-specific antibodies against neuron-axon filament protein (NAFP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) [14], as well as chronic microglial activation that may mediate the dysfunction of glutamatergic excitatory receptors [15], increases in the levels of TGFB1, TNFA, IL-6 and IL-17 and other inflammatory cytokines [16,17,18], and down-regulation of IL-2 in the blood cells of patients with autism [19].