MAPK1 and neoplasm: In a tissue-specific manner, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/7 (MKK4/7) regulates tumor cell dormancy in metastatic DTCs, primarily through the mitogen-activated pathogen kinase (MAPK) pathways, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated pathway in prostate cancers [34], and the p38 pathway in ovarian cancer cells via cyclin D1 inhibition and MAPKAPK2 and p53 upregulation [41].