TNF and infection: Furthermore, DCs secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation, such as IL-12 (promotes the differentiation of Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ and are involved in the response to intracellular pathogens), IL-23 (promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells, which produce IL-17A and IL-17F and are involved in the response to extracellular bacteria and fungi), and TNF-α (promotes the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation and is involved in the regulation of immune responses and the induction of inflammation).