Macrophages may have a complex role in IBD: on one hand, they are involved in the clearance of pathogens and debris from the gut lumen, which is essential for maintaining its homeostasis; on the other hand, they can produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 that contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD [6,9]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.