TLR4 and neoplasm: After assessing various doses of SRS, we report that relatively low doses of 10 Gy tumor irradiation upregulates the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (Tnfrsf10b and Tnfrsf8) and Ticam1, which is involved in innate immunity, and adaptive immunity by TLR3, TLR4 (through TICAM2), and TLR5 to mediate NF-kappa-B and interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) activation and to induce apoptosis [37] (Figure 1).