TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI), LHQW preparations were found to reduce lung ultrastructural injury by inhibiting the aggregation of inflammatory cells and reducing levels of various inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) in serum, thereby protecting lung tissue (Cui et al., 2015a; Cui et al., 2015b).