Till now, several radiotherapy-related biomarkers have been identified, including tumor-specific biomarkers for targeted radiotherapy and patient stratification (e.g., prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and hypoxia) 8, 9, radiotherapy-derived biomarkers for assessment/prediction of tumor response and normal tissue toxicities (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3) 10, 11, and imaging features extracted from functional images (e.g., standard uptake value (SUV) and multiple MRI parameters) 12, 13. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and neoplasm.