MT-ND5 and cancer: Additionally, ND5 gene mutations are linked to different cancers like colon adenocarcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, and myelodysplastic syndrome (a.k.a. MDS, preleukemia), and these changes are suggested to inhibit OXPHOS resulting in altered mitochondrial bioenergetics which could confer a selective growth advantage to cancer cells (86).