Additionally, radiotherapy promotes the release of immune-suppressive chemokines CCL2 and CCL5, activates the immune-suppressive cytokine TGF-β, secretes activin A, and locally accumulates extracellular adenosine, collectively resulting in the recruitment of regulatory T cells, immunosuppressive (M2-type) macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), impeding the activation and function of CD8+ T cells, mediating tumor immune resistance, and inhibiting the efficacy of radiotherapy (88, 89). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.