PECAM1 and cancer: Studies have shown that stigmasterol can significantly reduce the burden of metastatic tumors at cancer sites, mainly by reducing pAKT, metastasis marker genes (alkaline phosphatase, matrix metalloproteinases, epithelial to mesenchymal transcription factors), vascular growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor), CD31 and continuous expression of cell proliferation antigen (Ki67, proliferative cell nuclear antigen) [32].