The combination group also decreased the intensity of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) staining in liver tissues, markers for confirming the bile-duct epithelial origin of CCA and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, respectively45–47, leading to the inhibition of CCA progression in the hamster model. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and cholangiocarcinoma.