Significantly altered pathways following CS, e-cigarette or nicotine exposures included advanced glycation end-products (AGE)-receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) (in diabetic complications), IL17 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling, with links to other diseases/infections such as Chagas disease, influenza A, human cytomegalovirus and Karposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (figure 3a). The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is Chagas disease.