Tasuku Honjo and James Allison received the 2018Nobel Prize inPhysiology for their discoveries in cancer immunology.6 Their work led to the development of three groups of ICIsthat have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration US (FDA)for the treatment of several cancer types: PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab/Pembrolizumab/Cemiplimab),PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab/Durvalumab/Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor(Ipilimumab).7 Professor Honjo discoveredPD-1 on T cells, while Professor Allison discovered another importantimmunosuppressive molecule: CTLA-46. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.