Interestingly, not only the overall MIF expression of valve resident cells of FP-AS patients was enhanced but most prominent MIF expression was detected in cells on the aortal side of the AV cusps (Figure 3G and 3H), while TGF-β1–positive cells were remarkably lower in number in FP-AS (Figure 3G). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and aortic stenosis.