ALB and coinfection: Notably, HBV/HCV co-infection (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.13–7.17, P=0.028), high HIV RNA load (OR = 5.18, 95% CI: 2.07–13.0, P<0.001), open fracture (OR = 6.42, 95% CI: 1.79–21.4, P=0.006), higher neu level (OR = 6.65, 95% CI: 2.55–17.2, P<0.001), lower albumin level (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04–0.24, P<0.001) and lower CD4+ T-cell counts (OR = 6.42, 95% CI: 1.79–21.4, P=0.006) were among the key factors with a significant association (Table 3).