In addition to its antibacterial activity, flavonoid and polyphenol-rich extracts of C. operculatus are also believed to have clinical applications in preventing obesity and type II diabetes (Mai and Chuyen, 2007; Du et al., 2022) due to their potent inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Here, PNLIP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.