VCAM1 and Hyperglycemia: For example, retinal hypoxia-activating cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α [27] in diabetic patients with long-term hyperglycemia and tumor necrosis factor can induce the expression of ICAM-1 [50] and increase the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which can induce leukocyte stasis, microthrombosis and endothelial cell apoptosis.