EPO and anemia: The origin of anemia in heart failure is multifactorial and includes important factors such as renal dysfunction, hemodilution, chronic inflammation, certain therapeutics (for example, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or beta blockers), bone marrow dysfunction, resistance to erythropoietin, and deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron [28–30].