MAPK3 and Parkinson disease: Subsequent investigations revealed that irisin, through the activation of the ERK1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2) signaling pathway, effectively mitigated intracellular oxidative stress, suppressed mitochondrial rupture, and facilitated mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis in PD models, ultimately leading to a reduction in neuronal apoptosis (36).