TNF and age-related macular degeneration: Previous research on inflammatory cytokines in AMD has focused on cytokines locally in the intraocular fluid (24–28) or in cellular AMD models (20, 27, 29–31) However, to our knowledge there is minimal research examining systemic plasma levels of both TNF-α and VEGF and the potential interaction of these two cytokines in GA and the intermediate form of AMD.