TNF and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura: Plasma levels of TNF-α are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (42), Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) (43), immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) (44), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (45), psoriasis (PS) (46), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (47) and are associated with the severity of disease (42–47).