TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Kawamoto et al. (2019) examined the impact of infliximab, an anti-TNF-α medication, on intestinal organoids. They found that cotreatment of organoids with infliximab and TNF-α did not significantly affect their vitality or morphology but notably reduced ubiquitin D (UBD) expression, suggesting that infliximab has anti-inflammatory effects in treating IBD. Lloyd et al. (2020) added the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin to colon organoids from healthy individuals.