NDRG1 and breast cancer: However, overexpression of full-length NDRG1 functions as a promoter of tumor growth and metastasis in ER-, aggressive breast cancers, which is consistent with the previous work demonstrating where silencing of NDRG1 prevented tumor formation in highly aggressive TNBC (Villodre et al., 2020; Villodre et al., 2022; Joshi et al., 2024).