VEGFA and systemic lupus erythematosus: The management of ophthalmic manifestations of active SLE can also include treatments such as photocoagulation or anti-VEGF therapy to prevent neovascularization in retinal vascular occlusive disease, vitrectomy for cases involving vitreous hemorrhaging, scleral buckling for retinal detachment, acetazolamide for elevated intraocular pressure, and dexamethasone implants for macular edema (65).