Previous investigations have indicated that increased secretion of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) by DCs in patients with NSCLC is associated with higher levels of Tregs (Dumitriu et al., 2009), which can further contribute to the development of an immunosuppressive TME in NSCLC (Zhong et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.