TGFB1 and neoplasm: HLX22 and HLX02 combination-treated cells showed lower expression levels of TGF-β-SMAD signaling marker genes TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2, which suggested that HLX22 in combination with HLX02 inhibited TGF-β-SMAD signaling to inhibit the metastasis of tumor cells and overcome chemoresistance (Fig. 6b).