Bolourani et al.52 demonstrated that eCIRP contributes to pulmonary fibrosis by inducing inflammatory fibroblasts in a TLR4-dependent manner, and Xiong et al.53 demonstrated that the gene set, which is enriched in patients with Crohn's disease and high levels of fibrosis is linked to inflammatory fibroblasts. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and pulmonary fibrosis.