KEGG pathway analysis revealed that downregulated proteins in the D-2HG treatment group were mainly involved in tumor-related pathways, PI3K/AKT pathway, and cell cycle, while upregulated proteins were associated with Parkinson’s disease, thermogenesis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathways compared to the control group (Fig. 3D). Here, AKT1 is linked to neoplasm.